Clean Water Initiative for Health and Nutrition. A Case Study of Bungoma County
Keywords:
Aquatic, Toxicants, Sanitation, Effluents, Bioaccumulation.
Abstract
Water, especially in rural areas is normally found contaminated cause of inadequate protection of water points both surface and underground due to poor hygiene practices. Water contaminants contributes to various chronic communicable diseases that affects humanity. Convention methods applied for water treatment remain expensive, unreliable and inaccessible for majority in developing countries. A study was done to determine the potential of hydrogen (pH) and microbial assay of water samples from different sources in Bungoma county. The water samples were collected from various part and obtained from different sources. The parameter used to test water quality were pH instrumentally and total bacterial count for microbial assay done using pour plate isolation technique. The efficiency of ultra violet radiation from natural sunlight as bactericide was determined using WADI equipment. The total bacterial counts in the samples were compared after sterilization with the results showing notable difference between treated and untreated samples. Majority of the treated water samples with exception of one were within allowable limit for non-pathogenic colonies for drinking water of 100 colonies per ml. pH of most the water samples was found to be acidic and values not within the recommended WHO acceptable limits of between 6.5 to 8.6. The values of parameters used to assess water quality from the various samples were analysed using R analytics and found to be significantly different (p < 0.05).The results obtained showed that the quality of most water sources did not conform to the required standard for domestic water hence need for remediation process and public sensitization of the community.
References
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Saalidong, B. M., Aram, S. A., Otu, S., & Lartey, P. O. (2022). Examining the dynamics of the relationship between water pH and other water quality parameters in ground and surface water systems. PloS one, 17(1), e0262117.
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Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S. T., Qureshi, S. R., & Wang, M. Q. (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: Ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics, 9(3), 42.
Bai, V. R., Kit, A. C., Kangadharan, G., Gopinath, R., Varadarajan, P., & Hao, A. J. (2022). Experimental study on total coliform violations in the complied NH2CL, O3, and UV treated municipal water supply system. The European Physical Journal Plus, 137(6), 689.
Beal, J., Farny, N. G., & Haddock-Angelli, T. (2020). Robust estimation of bacterial cell counts from optical density. Commun Biol 3: 512.
Chafe, R., Aslanov, R., Sarkar, A., Gregory, P., Comeau, A., & Newhook, L. A. (2018). Association of type 1 diabetes and concentrations of drinking water components in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care, 6(1), e000466.
Favere, J., Barbosa, R. G., Sleutels, T., Verstraete, W., De Gusseme, B., & Boon, N. (2021). Safeguarding the microbial water quality from source to tap. npj Clean Water, 4(1), 1-6.
Gavrilescu, M. (2021). Water, soil, and plants interactions in a threatened environment. Water, 13(19), 2746.
Gizaw, Z. (2019). Public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market: a systematic literature review. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 24, 1-21.
Hamid, A., Bhat, S. U., & Jehangir, A. (2020). Local determinants influencing stream water quality. Applied Water Science, 10(1), 1-16.
Han, B., Moretto, M., & M. Weiss, L. (2019). Encephalitozoon: tissue culture, cryopreservation, and murine infection. Current protocols in microbiology, 52(1), e72.
Hansen, T. H., Thomassen, M. T., Madsen, M. L., Kern, T., Bak, E. G., Kashani, A., & Pedersen, O. (2018). The effect of drinking water pH on the human gut microbiota and glucose regulation: results of a randomized controlled cross-over intervention. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-12.
Hara, Y., Ando, F., Oikawa, D., Ichimura, K., Yanagawa, H., Sakamaki, Y., & Uchida, S. (2022). LRBA is essential for urinary concentration and body water homeostasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(30), e2202125119.
Kim, H. J., Yoon, H. W., Lee, M. A., Kim, Y. H., & Lee, C. J. (2023). Impact of UV-C Irradiation on Bacterial Disinfection in a Drinking Water Purification System. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33(1), 106-113.
Kong, Y. L., Anis-Syakira, J., Fun, W. H., Balqis-Ali, N. Z., Shakirah, M. S., & Sararaks, S. (2020). Socio-economic factors related to drinking water source and sanitation in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7933.
Kumar, S., Nehra, M., Mehta, J., Dilbaghi, N., Marrazza, G., & Kaushik, A. (2019). Point-of-care strategies for detection of waterborne pathogens. Sensors, 19(20), 4476.
Lin, L., Yang, H., & Xu, X. (2022). Effects of water pollution on human health and disease heterogeneity: a review. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 975.
Lu, Q., Mao, J., Xia, H., Song, S., Chen, W., & Zhao, D. (2022). Effect of wastewater treatment plant discharge on the bacterial community in a receiving river. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 239, 113641.
Luvhimbi, N., Tshitangano, T. G., Mabunda, J. T., Olaniyi, F. C., & Edokpayi, J. N. (2022). Water quality assessment and evaluation of human health risk of drinking water from source to point of use at Thulamela municipality, Limpopo Province. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-17.
Ma, J., Wu, S., Shekhar, N. V., Biswas, S., & Sahu, A. K. (2020). Determination of physicochemical parameters and levels of heavy metals in food waste water with environmental effects. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 2020.
Ma, S., Tang, Y., Ma, Y., Dong, D., Guo, L., Zhu, H., & Lu, Y. (2020). The pH effect on the detection of heavy metals in wastewater by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy coupled with a phase transformation method. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 35(1), 198-203.
Mariita, R. M., Blumenstein, S. A., Beckert, C. M., Gombas, T., & Randive, R. V. (2021). Disinfection performance of a drinking water bottle system with a UV subtype C LED cap against waterborne pathogens and heterotrophic contaminants. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 719578.
Mateo-Sagasta, J., Zadeh, S. M., Turral, H., & Burke, J. (2017). Water pollution from agriculture: a global review. Executive summary.
Ngasala, T. M., Masten, S. J., Cohen, C., Ravitz, D., & Mwita, E. J. (2020). Implementation of point-of-use water treatment methods in a rural Tanzanian community: a case study. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 10(4), 1012-1018.
Nkiaka, E., Bryant, R. G., Okumah, M., & Gomo, F. F. (2021). Water security in sub‐Saharan Africa: Understanding the status of sustainable development goal 6. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 8(6), e1552.
Novak Babič, M., Gostinčar, C., & Gunde-Cimerman, N. (2020). Microorganisms populating the water-related indoor biome. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104(15), 6443-6462.
Orekan, J., Barbé, B., Oeng, S., Ronat, J. B., Letchford, J., Jacobs, J., & Hardy, L. (2021). Culture media for clinical bacteriology in low-and middle-income countries: challenges, best practices for preparation and recommendations for improved access. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27(10), 1400-1408.
Pathak, V. M., Verma, V. K., Rawat, B. S., Kaur, B., Babu, N., Sharma, A., & Cunill, J. M. (2022). Current status of pesticide effects on environment, human health and it’s eco-friendly management as bioremediation: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2833.
Potgieter, N. (Ed.). (2019). The relevance of hygiene to health in developing countries. IntechOpen.
Quinete, N., & Hauser-Davis, R. A. (2021). Drinking water pollutants may affect the immune system: concerns regarding COVID-19 health effects. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 1235-1246.
Riveros-Perez, E., & Riveros, R. (2018). Water in the human body: An anesthesiologist's perspective on the connection between physicochemical properties of water and physiologic relevance. Annals of medicine and surgery, 26, 1-8.
Ryu, S., Won, S. A., Uh, J., & Song, J. Y. (2019). Hepatitis A virus infection from a contaminated tap of ground water facility in a neighborhood park, Republic of Korea. Infection & chemotherapy, 51(1), 62-66.
Saalidong, B. M., Aram, S. A., Otu, S., & Lartey, P. O. (2022). Examining the dynamics of the relationship between water pH and other water quality parameters in ground and surface water systems. PloS one, 17(1), e0262117.
Sila, O. N. A. (2019). Physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of water sources in rural settings, a case study of Kenya, Africa. Scientific African, 2, e00018.
Terrones-Fernandez, I., Casino, P., López, A., Peiró, S., Ríos, S., Nardi-Ricart, A., ... & Piqué, N. (2023). Improvement of the Pour Plate Method by Separate Sterilization of Agar and Other Medium Components and Reduction of the Agar Concentration. Microbiology Spectrum, e03161-22.
Ungureanu, E. L., Soare, A. D., Mocanu, A. L., Iorga, S. C., Mustatea, G., & Popa, M. E. (2022). Occurrence of Potentially Toxic Elements in Bottled Drinking Water—Carcinogenic and Non-Carcinogenic Risks Assessment in Adults via Ingestion. Foods, 11(10), 1407.
Wen, X., Chen, F., Lin, Y., Zhu, H., Yuan, F., Kuang, D & Yuan, Z. (2020). Microbial indicators and their use for monitoring drinking water quality—A review. Sustainability, 12(6), 2249.
World Health Organization. (2021). Guidelines on recreational water quality. Volume 1: coastal and fresh waters. World Health Organization.
Yehia, H. M. A. S., & Said, S. M. (2021). Drinking water treatment: pH adjustment using natural physical field. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 9(6), 55-66
Published
2023-04-29
How to Cite
Lutta, S., & Kituyi, L. (2023, April 29). Clean Water Initiative for Health and Nutrition. A Case Study of Bungoma County. African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 7(3), Pg 128-137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v7i3.867
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