Influence of Education Levels Based on Gender on Decision-Making Process in Deposit Taking Saccos in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
Keywords:
Education, Gender Decision-Making Deposit Taking Saccos
Abstract
Women in decision-making positions play a crucial role in developing meaningful gender mainstreaming strategies. Gender equity is a major factor in achievement of socio-economic and political development. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of education levels based on gender on decision-making process in deposit taking Saccos in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study used cross-sectional research design and targeted 11 managers and 867 delegates. A sample size of 266 delegates and 11 managers was used in the study. Proportionate and simple random sampling was used to select delegates while purposive sampling was used to select the managers. The study used questionnaires and interviews to collect data. A pilot study was carried out in SACCOs in Trans-Nzoia County which has similar characteristics as the study area. Validity was determined by consulting research supervisors to improve data collection tools. Reliability was determined through the use of Cronbach Alpha. The quantitative data was analysed descriptively by SPSS (version 25) and the findings presented using frequencies and percentages. Pearson Correlation analysis was employed to determine relationship that exists between the independent and dependent variables. Qualitative data was thematically classified and arranged before they were reported in narrations and quotations. The study found out that there was a significant positive correlation between women’s education levels and decision-making process (r = .372; p = .000). The paper concluded that enhanced education levels among women positively affect decision making in deposit taking Saccos. It was recommended that there is need for deposit taking Saccos to recommend women with diverse education levels to be appointed to decision making bodies.
References
Anania, P. & Rwekaza, G. C. (2018). Co-operative Education and Training as a means to improve performance in co-operative societies. Journal of social sciences, 1(2): 39-50.
Augustine, D., Wheat, C. O., Jones, K. S., Baraldi, M., & Malgwi, C. A. (2016). Gender diversity within the workforce in the microfinance industry in Africa: Economic performance and sustainability. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 33(3), 227-241.
Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2013). A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950–2010. Journal of development economics, 104, 184-198.
Basheer, R. P. (2018). Empowerment of women through Education: A Special Reference to Mahatma Gandhi. International J Res Anal Rev, 5(3), 1756-1758.
Brodmann, J., Hossain, A., & Singhvi, M. (2022). Chief executive officer power and board gender diversity. Finance Research Letters, 44, 102099.
Carey, G., Dickinson, H. & Cox, E.M. (2018). Feminism, gender and power relations in policy – starting a new conversation. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 77 (4), 519– 524.
Carnegie, M., Cornish, P. S., Htwe, K. K., & Htwe, N. N. (2020). Gender, decision-making and farm practice change: An action learning intervention in Myanmar. Journal of Rural Studies, 78, 503-515.
Chandra, B. B. (2018). Role of Education in Empowering Women: A Case Study. Asian Review of Social Sciences, Volume 7(1).
Dobbin, F., & Jung, J. (2010). Corporate board gender diversity and stock performance: The competence gap or institutional investor bias. NCL Rev., 89, 809.
Dupas, P., & Robinson, J. (2013). Savings constraints and microenterprise development: Evidence from a field experiment in Kenya. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(1), 163-92.
Emami, A., Welsh, D. H., Ramadani, V., & Davari, A. (2020). The impact of judgment and framing on entrepreneurs’ decision-making. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(1), 79-100.
Engida, Y. M (2021). The Three-Dimensional Role of Education for Women Empowerment. Journal of Social Sciences, 17, 32 -38
Evans, D. K., Akmal, M., & Jakiela, P. (2021). Gender gaps in education: The long view. IZA Journal of Development and Migration, 12(1).
Faccio, M., Marchica, M. T., & Mura, R. (2016). CEO gender, corporate risk-taking, and the efficiency of capital allocation. Journal of corporate finance, 39, 193-209.
Fernandez-Guadaño, J., Lopez-Millan, M., & Sarria-Pedroza, J. (2020). Cooperative entrepreneurship model for sustainable development. Sustainability, 12(13), 5462.
Ferreira, D. (2015). Board diversity: Should we trust research to inform policy? Corporate Governance: An International Review, 23(2), 108-111.
Gilmartin, S. K., Thompson, M. E., Morton, E., Jin, Q., Chen, H. L., Colby, A., & Sheppard, S. D. (2019). Entrepreneurial intent of engineering and business undergraduate students. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(3), 316-336.
Gilmartin, S. K., Thompson, M. E., Morton, E., Jin, Q., Chen, H. L., Colby, A., & Sheppard, S. D. (2019). Entrepreneurial intent of engineering and business undergraduate students. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(3), 316-336.
Harris R. S & Sawer, M. (2016). Neoliberalism and gender equality policy in Australia’. Australian Journal of Political Science, 51 (4), 742–758.
Ho, S. S., Li, A. Y., Tam, K., & Zhang, F. (2015). CEO gender, ethical leadership, and accounting conservatism. Journal of Business Ethics, 127, 351-370.
Jayachandran, S. (2015). The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries. Annual Review of Economics, 7, 123-132.
Khatri, R. (2016). The role of education towards women empowerment in India. International journal of advanced research, volume 4 No.11.
Kim, O., Kuang, Y. F., & Qin, B. (2020). Female representation on boards and CEO Performance‐induced turnover: Evidence from Russia. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 28(3), 235-260.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Lari, L. R. A., Rono, L. J., & Nyangweso, P. M. (2017). Determinants of Technical Inefficiency of Saccos in Kenya: Loan Output Slack Analysis. American Journal of Finance, 2(1), 1-20.
Lindberg, S., Sundström, A., & Wang, T. (2015). Women’s Political Empowerment: A New Global Index, 1900-2012. University of Gothenburg, VDem Institute.
Magaji, R. J. (2014). The Role of Women Education in the Empowerment of Women for National Development. Multidisciplinary Journal of Research Development Volume 22(1).
Mbilu, E. M. (2019). Non-Formal Education and Quality Basic Education for All in Tanzania: A study of the Effectiveness of Non-Formal Education Programs for Children of School-going Age in Korogwe District (Master's thesis).
Mercy, S., & Rani, K. (2019). Women Empowerment- A Tool of National Development. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), Volume 6(3)
Metto, W. K., Mahonge, C. & Komba, C. K. (2020). Effects of members’ education types on their participation in savings and credit co-operative societies: Evidence from Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya. East African Journal of Social and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 37-49.
Muraya, K. (2022). Gender Quotas, the ‘Two-Thirds Gender Rule’ and Health Leadership: The Case of Kenya. In Women and Global Health Leadership (pp. 85-94). Springer, Cham.
Mustafa, M., Elliott, C., & Zhou, L. (2019). Succession in Chinese family-SMEs: a gendered analysis of successor learning and development. Human Resource Development International, 22(5), 504-525.
Ndegwa, J., Senaji, T., & Mugambi, K. (2020). Influence of Board Characteristics on Financial Distress of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Nairobi County, Kenya. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486), 9(4), 97-110.
Neumann, M., Hengeveld, M., Niessen, A. S. M., Tendeiro, J. N., & Meijer, R. R. (2022). Education increases decision-rule use: An investigation of education and incentives to improve decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 28(1), 166.
Njeru, Z. G. (2021). Projects governance and performance of deposit-taking savings and credit cooperatives in Meru County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Odero, A. J & Egessa, R. (2021). Towards realization of Board Gender Diversity in Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kenya: A critical review and synthesis. International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) 4(5), 172-182.
Ojo, T. O., Baiyegunhi, L. J. S., & Salami, A. O. (2019). Impact of credit demand on the productivity of rice farmers in South West Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 11(1 (J)), 166-180.
Pape, M. (2020). Gender segregation and trajectories of organizational change: The underrepresentation of women in sports leadership. Gender & Society, 34(1), 81-105.
Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of management Journal, 58(5), 1546-1571.
Rehman, H., Moazzam, D. A., & Ansari, N. (2020). Role of microfinance institutions in women empowerment: A case study of Akhuwat, Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 30(1).
SASRA. (2019). Sacco Supervision Annual Report 2018: SASRA
Srivastava, N. (2014). Education: A path to women empowerment (issues and challenges). International Journal of Management Research and Reviews, 4(10), 1007.
Stromquist, N. P. (2015). Women's empowerment and Education: linking knowledge to transformative action. European Journal of Education, 50(3), 307-324.
Tseng, C. Y., & Jian, J. Y. (2016). Board members' educational backgrounds and branding success in Taiwanese firms. Asia Pacific Management Review, 21(2), 111-124.
Vogel, S., & Draper-Rodi, J. (2017). The importance of pilot studies, how to write them and what they mean. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 23, 2-3.
Zahidi, S., Geiger, T., & Crotti, R. (2018). The global gender gap report 2018. In World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland.
Zangirolami-Raimundo, J., Echeimberg, J. D. O., & Leone, C. (2018). Research methodology topics: Cross-sectional studies. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 28(3), 356-360.
Augustine, D., Wheat, C. O., Jones, K. S., Baraldi, M., & Malgwi, C. A. (2016). Gender diversity within the workforce in the microfinance industry in Africa: Economic performance and sustainability. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 33(3), 227-241.
Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2013). A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950–2010. Journal of development economics, 104, 184-198.
Basheer, R. P. (2018). Empowerment of women through Education: A Special Reference to Mahatma Gandhi. International J Res Anal Rev, 5(3), 1756-1758.
Brodmann, J., Hossain, A., & Singhvi, M. (2022). Chief executive officer power and board gender diversity. Finance Research Letters, 44, 102099.
Carey, G., Dickinson, H. & Cox, E.M. (2018). Feminism, gender and power relations in policy – starting a new conversation. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 77 (4), 519– 524.
Carnegie, M., Cornish, P. S., Htwe, K. K., & Htwe, N. N. (2020). Gender, decision-making and farm practice change: An action learning intervention in Myanmar. Journal of Rural Studies, 78, 503-515.
Chandra, B. B. (2018). Role of Education in Empowering Women: A Case Study. Asian Review of Social Sciences, Volume 7(1).
Dobbin, F., & Jung, J. (2010). Corporate board gender diversity and stock performance: The competence gap or institutional investor bias. NCL Rev., 89, 809.
Dupas, P., & Robinson, J. (2013). Savings constraints and microenterprise development: Evidence from a field experiment in Kenya. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(1), 163-92.
Emami, A., Welsh, D. H., Ramadani, V., & Davari, A. (2020). The impact of judgment and framing on entrepreneurs’ decision-making. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 32(1), 79-100.
Engida, Y. M (2021). The Three-Dimensional Role of Education for Women Empowerment. Journal of Social Sciences, 17, 32 -38
Evans, D. K., Akmal, M., & Jakiela, P. (2021). Gender gaps in education: The long view. IZA Journal of Development and Migration, 12(1).
Faccio, M., Marchica, M. T., & Mura, R. (2016). CEO gender, corporate risk-taking, and the efficiency of capital allocation. Journal of corporate finance, 39, 193-209.
Fernandez-Guadaño, J., Lopez-Millan, M., & Sarria-Pedroza, J. (2020). Cooperative entrepreneurship model for sustainable development. Sustainability, 12(13), 5462.
Ferreira, D. (2015). Board diversity: Should we trust research to inform policy? Corporate Governance: An International Review, 23(2), 108-111.
Gilmartin, S. K., Thompson, M. E., Morton, E., Jin, Q., Chen, H. L., Colby, A., & Sheppard, S. D. (2019). Entrepreneurial intent of engineering and business undergraduate students. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(3), 316-336.
Gilmartin, S. K., Thompson, M. E., Morton, E., Jin, Q., Chen, H. L., Colby, A., & Sheppard, S. D. (2019). Entrepreneurial intent of engineering and business undergraduate students. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(3), 316-336.
Harris R. S & Sawer, M. (2016). Neoliberalism and gender equality policy in Australia’. Australian Journal of Political Science, 51 (4), 742–758.
Ho, S. S., Li, A. Y., Tam, K., & Zhang, F. (2015). CEO gender, ethical leadership, and accounting conservatism. Journal of Business Ethics, 127, 351-370.
Jayachandran, S. (2015). The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries. Annual Review of Economics, 7, 123-132.
Khatri, R. (2016). The role of education towards women empowerment in India. International journal of advanced research, volume 4 No.11.
Kim, O., Kuang, Y. F., & Qin, B. (2020). Female representation on boards and CEO Performance‐induced turnover: Evidence from Russia. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 28(3), 235-260.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.
Lari, L. R. A., Rono, L. J., & Nyangweso, P. M. (2017). Determinants of Technical Inefficiency of Saccos in Kenya: Loan Output Slack Analysis. American Journal of Finance, 2(1), 1-20.
Lindberg, S., Sundström, A., & Wang, T. (2015). Women’s Political Empowerment: A New Global Index, 1900-2012. University of Gothenburg, VDem Institute.
Magaji, R. J. (2014). The Role of Women Education in the Empowerment of Women for National Development. Multidisciplinary Journal of Research Development Volume 22(1).
Mbilu, E. M. (2019). Non-Formal Education and Quality Basic Education for All in Tanzania: A study of the Effectiveness of Non-Formal Education Programs for Children of School-going Age in Korogwe District (Master's thesis).
Mercy, S., & Rani, K. (2019). Women Empowerment- A Tool of National Development. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), Volume 6(3)
Metto, W. K., Mahonge, C. & Komba, C. K. (2020). Effects of members’ education types on their participation in savings and credit co-operative societies: Evidence from Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya. East African Journal of Social and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 37-49.
Muraya, K. (2022). Gender Quotas, the ‘Two-Thirds Gender Rule’ and Health Leadership: The Case of Kenya. In Women and Global Health Leadership (pp. 85-94). Springer, Cham.
Mustafa, M., Elliott, C., & Zhou, L. (2019). Succession in Chinese family-SMEs: a gendered analysis of successor learning and development. Human Resource Development International, 22(5), 504-525.
Ndegwa, J., Senaji, T., & Mugambi, K. (2020). Influence of Board Characteristics on Financial Distress of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Nairobi County, Kenya. International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486), 9(4), 97-110.
Neumann, M., Hengeveld, M., Niessen, A. S. M., Tendeiro, J. N., & Meijer, R. R. (2022). Education increases decision-rule use: An investigation of education and incentives to improve decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 28(1), 166.
Njeru, Z. G. (2021). Projects governance and performance of deposit-taking savings and credit cooperatives in Meru County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University).
Odero, A. J & Egessa, R. (2021). Towards realization of Board Gender Diversity in Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kenya: A critical review and synthesis. International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS) 4(5), 172-182.
Ojo, T. O., Baiyegunhi, L. J. S., & Salami, A. O. (2019). Impact of credit demand on the productivity of rice farmers in South West Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 11(1 (J)), 166-180.
Pape, M. (2020). Gender segregation and trajectories of organizational change: The underrepresentation of women in sports leadership. Gender & Society, 34(1), 81-105.
Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of management Journal, 58(5), 1546-1571.
Rehman, H., Moazzam, D. A., & Ansari, N. (2020). Role of microfinance institutions in women empowerment: A case study of Akhuwat, Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 30(1).
SASRA. (2019). Sacco Supervision Annual Report 2018: SASRA
Srivastava, N. (2014). Education: A path to women empowerment (issues and challenges). International Journal of Management Research and Reviews, 4(10), 1007.
Stromquist, N. P. (2015). Women's empowerment and Education: linking knowledge to transformative action. European Journal of Education, 50(3), 307-324.
Tseng, C. Y., & Jian, J. Y. (2016). Board members' educational backgrounds and branding success in Taiwanese firms. Asia Pacific Management Review, 21(2), 111-124.
Vogel, S., & Draper-Rodi, J. (2017). The importance of pilot studies, how to write them and what they mean. International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine, 23, 2-3.
Zahidi, S., Geiger, T., & Crotti, R. (2018). The global gender gap report 2018. In World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland.
Zangirolami-Raimundo, J., Echeimberg, J. D. O., & Leone, C. (2018). Research methodology topics: Cross-sectional studies. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 28(3), 356-360.
Published
2023-04-07
How to Cite
Chelimo, S. (2023, April 7). Influence of Education Levels Based on Gender on Decision-Making Process in Deposit Taking Saccos in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 7(3), Pg 221-233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v7i3.841
Issue
Section
Articles
