Relationship between Structural Empowerment and Employee Commitment in Selected Star Rated Hotels in Kisumu City, Kenya
Keywords:
Structural, Empowerment, Employee, Commitment, Hotels
Abstract
The objectives of this study were, to determine the relationship between structural empowerment and employee commitment in selected star-rated Hotels in Kisumu City, Kenya. This study was anchored on Kanter’s Theory. The study adopted explanatory and descriptive research designs. The target population was 1372 non-managerial employees and 130 managerial employees from 34 star rated hotels. A sample size of 310 non-managerial employees and 13 management staff formed the sample for the study. The respondents were chosen via stratified and random sampling. Data were collected via questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaires' validity was determined using expert opinion. Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient was utilized to assess the research instrument's dependability. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Mean, frequencies, and standard deviation were examples of descriptive statistics, whereas linear regression and hierarchical multiple regression were examples of inferential statistics. The study findings indicated that there was significant positive relationship between Structural empowerment (β1=0.811) and employee commitment in selected star rated Hotels. The study revealed that structural empowerment influenced employee engagement in selected hotels. Employees should be able to use their own ideas and standards to achieve company goals.
References
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Adekunle, A. O., Samuel A. O., Olugbenga J. L. & Kehinde, O. O. (2014). Personal Characteristics and Training Opportunities as Determinants of Organisational Commitment among Nigeria National Parks’ Employees. European Scientific Journal. (5) 221-230
Ahmad, N., and Oranye, O. (2010). Empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a comparative analysis of nurses working in Malaysia and England. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(5), 582-591.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of occupational psychology, 63(1), 1-18.
Ambad, S. & Bahron, A. (2012). Psychological empowerment: the influence on organizational commitment among employees in the construction sector. The Journal of Global Business Management, 8(2), 73-81.
Avan, A., Zorlu, O. & Baytok, A. (2016). The effect of psychological empowerment on organizational silence in hotels. Journal of Business Research-Türk, 8(4), 277-295. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2016.219.
Azeem, S. M., & Akhtar, N. (2014). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment among public sector employees in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(7), 127-133.
Boudrias, J. S., Gaudreau, P., Savoie, A., & Morin, A. J. (2009). Employee empowerment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Brooks, N. G., Korzaan, M. L., & Brooks, S. (2020). Normative commitment in an information systems project environment. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business.
Buch, R. (2015). Leader-member exchange as a moderator of the relationship between employee organization exchange and affective commitment. The International Journal of Human Resources Management, 26, 59-79.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Steps in conducting a scholarly mixed methods study.
Dan, Xin, Suhuan Xu, Jingying Liu, Ruonan Hou, Yanhui Liu, and Hongwen Ma. 2018. Relationships among structural empowerment, innovative behavior, self-efficacy, and career success in nursing field in mainland China.
International Journal of Nursing Practice 24: 1–9.
Davies, A., Wong, C. A., & Laschinger, H. K. (2011). Nurses’ participation in personal knowledge transfer: The role of leader-member exchange (LMX) and structural empowerment. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(5), 632-643.
Dewettinck, K., Van Ameijde, M. (2011), “Linking leadership empowerment behavior to employee attitudes and behavioral intentions”, Personnel Review, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 284-305.
Fernandez, S., and Tima Moldogaziev. (2013). Using employee empowerment to encourage innovative behavior in the public sector. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 23: 155.
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2000). How to design and evaluate research in education (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Gazzoli, G.; Hancer, M.; and Park, Y. (2009). Enhancing workers' attitudes towards their jobs through customer orientation: a structural equation modeling approach. International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track, USA. URL/ http://scholarworks.umass.edu/ cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
Ghina, A. (2012). The influence of corporate culture on organizational commitment: Case study of civil government organizations in India. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1(2), 156-170.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, J. B., Anderson, E. R., & Tatham,R, L (2006) Multivariate Data Analysis. 6th Ed . Upper saddle River. New Jersey. Pearson.
Hansen, Kåre, Oscar Amundsen, Tone Merethe Berg Aasen, and Leif Jarle Gressgård. (2017). Management Practices for Promoting Employee-Driven Innovation. In Workplace Innovation: Aligning Perspectives on Health,
Safety and Well-Being. Edited by Peter Oeij, Diana Rus and Frank Pot. Berlin: Springer International Publishing, pp. 321–38.
Harrison, D. A., Newman, D. A. & Roth, P. L. (2006) How important are job attitudes? Meta-analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 305-325.
Hebenstreit, J. Julia. (2012). Nurse Educator Perceptions of Structural Empowerment and Innovative Behavior. Nursing Education Perspective 33: 297–301.
Insan, A. N. (2012). The effect of empowerment of the organizational commitment and the job satisfaction of the employees of the national electricity company (Ltd.) in South Sulawesi Province Indonesia. Asian Transactions on Basic & Applied Science, 3(4), 13-23
Joarder, M., Sharif, M. & Ahmed, K. (2011). Mediating role of affective commitment in HRM practices and turnover intention relationship: a study in a developing context. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(4), 135-158.
Kanter, R. M. (1993). Men and women of the corporation (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Kanter, R.M. (1977), Men and women of the corporation, Basic Books, New York, NY.
Karim, F., & Rehman, O. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction, perceived organizational justice and employee empowerment on organizational commitment in semi-government organizations of Pakistan. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 3(4), 92-104.
Kesting, Peter, and John Ulhøi. (2010). Employee-driven innovation: Extending the license to foster innovation. Management Decision 48: 65–84.
Knol, Jeannette, and Roland Van Linge. (2009). Innovative behavior: The effect of structural and psychological empowerment on nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing 65: 359–70.
Koçel, Tamer (2011). İşletme Yöneticiliği, 13. Baskı, Beta, İstanbul.
Krishna, R. (2007). Psychological empowerment and organizational commitment. The Icfa Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 6(4), 26-36.
Laschinger, H. K. S. (2004). Hospital nurses’ perceptions of respect and organizational justice. Journal of Nursing Administration, 34(7), 354-364.
Laschinger, H. K., Finegan, J., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2001). Impact of structural and psychological empowerment on job strain in nursing work settings: Expanding Kanter’s model. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(5), 260-272.
Laschinger, H. K., Wong, C., & Grau, A. (2013). Authentic leadership, empowerment and burnout: A comparison in new graduates and experienced nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(3), 541-552.
Lautizi, M., Laschinger, H. K., & Ravazzolo, S. (2009). Workplace empowerment, job satisfaction and job stress among Italian mental health nurses: An exploratory study. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(4), 446-452
Loan, L. (2020). The influence of organizational commitment on employees’ job performance: The mediating role of job satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 10(14), 3307-3312.
Mahmoud, A. B., Sitladin, M., Tehseen, S., Fuxman, L., Reisel, W. D., Purkayastha, H., & Grigoriou, N. (2020). Job satisfaction as a mediator between performance appraisal effectiveness and organisational outcomes in the Caribbean. British Academy of Management.
Maynard, M. Travis, Lucy L. Gilson, and John E. Mathieu. (2012). Empowerment—Fad or Fab? A Multilevel Review of the Past Two Decades of Research. Journal of Management 38: 1231–81.
Mehrabi, J., Jadidi, M., AllamehHaery, F., and Alemzadeh, M., (A 2013).The Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Organizational Learning (Boroojerd Telecommunication Company as Case Study), International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 130-139.
Mendoza-Sierra, M. I., Orgambídez-Ramos, A., León-Jariego, J. C., & Carrasco-García, A. M. (2013). Organizational empowerment and service quality in customer-service employees: The role of climate for service. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16(2), 456-476.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational Mugenda, A. G., & Mugenda, A. (2008). Social science research: Theory and principles. Nairobi: Applied.
Muguella, A., Mohd, R., & Mohd, Y. (2013). Supervisory Support as a moderator of work-life Demands and Life Satisfaction among Malaysian Female Academicians: World Applied Science Journal 28, 32-37.
Narteh, B. (2012). Internal marketing and employee commitment: Evidence from the Ghanaian banking industry. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 17(4), 284-300.
Nzuve, S. N., & Bakari, T. H. (2012). The relationship between empowerment and performance in the city council of Nairobi. Problems of Management in the 21st Century, 5, 83.
O’Brien, Anice L. (2010). Structural Empowerment, Psychological Empowerment and Burnout in Registered Staff Nurses Working in Outpatient Dialysis Center. Ph.D. Thesis, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Oloko, M. (2012). Influence of relationship marketing on Performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Education Research Journal, 2(2), 37-42.
Ombachi, T. (2011). An Investigation of the Relationship between Employee Empowerment and the performance of hotels in Mombasa County, Kenya. Kenya: Unpublished Masters Project, Kenyatta University
Ahmad, N., & Oranye, N. O. (2010). Empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a comparative analysis of nurses working in Malaysia and England. Journal of nursing management, 18(5), 582-591.
Pelit, E. Ozturk, Y., & Arslanturk, Y. (2011). The effects of employee empowerment on employee job satisfaction A study on hotels in Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(6), 784-802. https://doi.org
Sahoo, C. K., Behera, N., & Tripathy, S. K. (2010). Employee empowerment and individual commitment: an analysis from integrative review of research. Employment Relations Record, 10(1), 40-56.
Saunders, M. N., & Rojon, C. (2011). On the attributes of a critical literature review. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 4(2), 156-162.
Seibert, S.E., Wang, G., Courtright, S.H. (2011), “Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A meta-analytic review”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 96 No. 5, pp. 981–1003. DOI:http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/a0022676
Selvi, M. S. & Maheswari G. S. (2020). Effects of Employee Empowerment on Organizational Success. Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, 12(3), 2018-2025.
Smith, L. M., Andrusyszyn, M. A., &Laschinger, H. K. (2010). Effects of workplace incivility and empowerment on newly-graduated nurses’ organizational commitment. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(8), 1004-1015.
Sohail, M., & Ilyas, M. (2018). The impact of Job Satisfaction on aspects of Organizational Commitment (Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment). Journal of Managerial Sciences, 12(3), 221-234.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1992). When organizations dare: the dynamics of psychological empowerment in the workplace. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Dissertation Abstract International, 53(11) (UMI No: AAT 9308456).
Sürgevil, Olca, Tolay, Ebru Ve Topoyan, Mert (2013). Yapısal Güçlendirme ve Psikolojik Güçlendirme Ölçeklerinin Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Analizleri, Journal of Yasar University, 8 (31), 5371-5391.
Thomas, K. B., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognition elements of empowerment: an "interpretive" model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15, 666-681
Vacharakiat, M. (2008). The relationships between empowerment, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment between Filipino and American registered nurses working in the U.S.A. (Doctoral dissertation). George Mason University, Fairfax, U.S.A.
Wong, C. A., & Laschinger, H. K. (2013). Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: The mediating role of empowerment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(4), 947-959.
Yamane, T (1973). Statistics: An introductory analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row.
Yeshanew, Y. & Kaur, N. (2018). Yeshanew, Y. A., & Kaur, N. Employees' Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Tourism Industry: A Study of Selected Hotels in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. International Journal of Research in Management, Economics and Commerce, 8(1), 79-88.
Yukl, G.A., Becker, W.S. (2006), “Effective empowerment in organizations”, Organization Management Journal, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 210-231.
Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J.C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business Research Methods (8th Ed). Mason, HO: Cengage Learning.
Adekunle, A. O., Samuel A. O., Olugbenga J. L. & Kehinde, O. O. (2014). Personal Characteristics and Training Opportunities as Determinants of Organisational Commitment among Nigeria National Parks’ Employees. European Scientific Journal. (5) 221-230
Ahmad, N., and Oranye, O. (2010). Empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a comparative analysis of nurses working in Malaysia and England. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(5), 582-591.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of occupational psychology, 63(1), 1-18.
Ambad, S. & Bahron, A. (2012). Psychological empowerment: the influence on organizational commitment among employees in the construction sector. The Journal of Global Business Management, 8(2), 73-81.
Avan, A., Zorlu, O. & Baytok, A. (2016). The effect of psychological empowerment on organizational silence in hotels. Journal of Business Research-Türk, 8(4), 277-295. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2016.219.
Azeem, S. M., & Akhtar, N. (2014). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment among public sector employees in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(7), 127-133.
Boudrias, J. S., Gaudreau, P., Savoie, A., & Morin, A. J. (2009). Employee empowerment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal.
Brooks, N. G., Korzaan, M. L., & Brooks, S. (2020). Normative commitment in an information systems project environment. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business.
Buch, R. (2015). Leader-member exchange as a moderator of the relationship between employee organization exchange and affective commitment. The International Journal of Human Resources Management, 26, 59-79.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Steps in conducting a scholarly mixed methods study.
Dan, Xin, Suhuan Xu, Jingying Liu, Ruonan Hou, Yanhui Liu, and Hongwen Ma. 2018. Relationships among structural empowerment, innovative behavior, self-efficacy, and career success in nursing field in mainland China.
International Journal of Nursing Practice 24: 1–9.
Davies, A., Wong, C. A., & Laschinger, H. K. (2011). Nurses’ participation in personal knowledge transfer: The role of leader-member exchange (LMX) and structural empowerment. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(5), 632-643.
Dewettinck, K., Van Ameijde, M. (2011), “Linking leadership empowerment behavior to employee attitudes and behavioral intentions”, Personnel Review, Vol. 40 No. 3, pp. 284-305.
Fernandez, S., and Tima Moldogaziev. (2013). Using employee empowerment to encourage innovative behavior in the public sector. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 23: 155.
Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2000). How to design and evaluate research in education (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Gazzoli, G.; Hancer, M.; and Park, Y. (2009). Enhancing workers' attitudes towards their jobs through customer orientation: a structural equation modeling approach. International CHRIE Conference-Refereed Track, USA. URL/ http://scholarworks.umass.edu/ cgi/viewcontent.cgi?
Ghina, A. (2012). The influence of corporate culture on organizational commitment: Case study of civil government organizations in India. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 1(2), 156-170.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, J. B., Anderson, E. R., & Tatham,R, L (2006) Multivariate Data Analysis. 6th Ed . Upper saddle River. New Jersey. Pearson.
Hansen, Kåre, Oscar Amundsen, Tone Merethe Berg Aasen, and Leif Jarle Gressgård. (2017). Management Practices for Promoting Employee-Driven Innovation. In Workplace Innovation: Aligning Perspectives on Health,
Safety and Well-Being. Edited by Peter Oeij, Diana Rus and Frank Pot. Berlin: Springer International Publishing, pp. 321–38.
Harrison, D. A., Newman, D. A. & Roth, P. L. (2006) How important are job attitudes? Meta-analytic comparisons of integrative behavioral outcomes and time sequences. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 305-325.
Hebenstreit, J. Julia. (2012). Nurse Educator Perceptions of Structural Empowerment and Innovative Behavior. Nursing Education Perspective 33: 297–301.
Insan, A. N. (2012). The effect of empowerment of the organizational commitment and the job satisfaction of the employees of the national electricity company (Ltd.) in South Sulawesi Province Indonesia. Asian Transactions on Basic & Applied Science, 3(4), 13-23
Joarder, M., Sharif, M. & Ahmed, K. (2011). Mediating role of affective commitment in HRM practices and turnover intention relationship: a study in a developing context. Business and Economics Research Journal, 2(4), 135-158.
Kanter, R. M. (1993). Men and women of the corporation (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Kanter, R.M. (1977), Men and women of the corporation, Basic Books, New York, NY.
Karim, F., & Rehman, O. (2012). Impact of job satisfaction, perceived organizational justice and employee empowerment on organizational commitment in semi-government organizations of Pakistan. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 3(4), 92-104.
Kesting, Peter, and John Ulhøi. (2010). Employee-driven innovation: Extending the license to foster innovation. Management Decision 48: 65–84.
Knol, Jeannette, and Roland Van Linge. (2009). Innovative behavior: The effect of structural and psychological empowerment on nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing 65: 359–70.
Koçel, Tamer (2011). İşletme Yöneticiliği, 13. Baskı, Beta, İstanbul.
Krishna, R. (2007). Psychological empowerment and organizational commitment. The Icfa Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 6(4), 26-36.
Laschinger, H. K. S. (2004). Hospital nurses’ perceptions of respect and organizational justice. Journal of Nursing Administration, 34(7), 354-364.
Laschinger, H. K., Finegan, J., Shamian, J., & Wilk, P. (2001). Impact of structural and psychological empowerment on job strain in nursing work settings: Expanding Kanter’s model. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 31(5), 260-272.
Laschinger, H. K., Wong, C., & Grau, A. (2013). Authentic leadership, empowerment and burnout: A comparison in new graduates and experienced nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(3), 541-552.
Lautizi, M., Laschinger, H. K., & Ravazzolo, S. (2009). Workplace empowerment, job satisfaction and job stress among Italian mental health nurses: An exploratory study. Journal of Nursing Management, 17(4), 446-452
Loan, L. (2020). The influence of organizational commitment on employees’ job performance: The mediating role of job satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 10(14), 3307-3312.
Mahmoud, A. B., Sitladin, M., Tehseen, S., Fuxman, L., Reisel, W. D., Purkayastha, H., & Grigoriou, N. (2020). Job satisfaction as a mediator between performance appraisal effectiveness and organisational outcomes in the Caribbean. British Academy of Management.
Maynard, M. Travis, Lucy L. Gilson, and John E. Mathieu. (2012). Empowerment—Fad or Fab? A Multilevel Review of the Past Two Decades of Research. Journal of Management 38: 1231–81.
Mehrabi, J., Jadidi, M., AllamehHaery, F., and Alemzadeh, M., (A 2013).The Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Organizational Learning (Boroojerd Telecommunication Company as Case Study), International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 130-139.
Mendoza-Sierra, M. I., Orgambídez-Ramos, A., León-Jariego, J. C., & Carrasco-García, A. M. (2013). Organizational empowerment and service quality in customer-service employees: The role of climate for service. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16(2), 456-476.
Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational Mugenda, A. G., & Mugenda, A. (2008). Social science research: Theory and principles. Nairobi: Applied.
Muguella, A., Mohd, R., & Mohd, Y. (2013). Supervisory Support as a moderator of work-life Demands and Life Satisfaction among Malaysian Female Academicians: World Applied Science Journal 28, 32-37.
Narteh, B. (2012). Internal marketing and employee commitment: Evidence from the Ghanaian banking industry. Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 17(4), 284-300.
Nzuve, S. N., & Bakari, T. H. (2012). The relationship between empowerment and performance in the city council of Nairobi. Problems of Management in the 21st Century, 5, 83.
O’Brien, Anice L. (2010). Structural Empowerment, Psychological Empowerment and Burnout in Registered Staff Nurses Working in Outpatient Dialysis Center. Ph.D. Thesis, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
Oloko, M. (2012). Influence of relationship marketing on Performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Education Research Journal, 2(2), 37-42.
Ombachi, T. (2011). An Investigation of the Relationship between Employee Empowerment and the performance of hotels in Mombasa County, Kenya. Kenya: Unpublished Masters Project, Kenyatta University
Ahmad, N., & Oranye, N. O. (2010). Empowerment, job satisfaction and organizational commitment: a comparative analysis of nurses working in Malaysia and England. Journal of nursing management, 18(5), 582-591.
Pelit, E. Ozturk, Y., & Arslanturk, Y. (2011). The effects of employee empowerment on employee job satisfaction A study on hotels in Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(6), 784-802. https://doi.org
Sahoo, C. K., Behera, N., & Tripathy, S. K. (2010). Employee empowerment and individual commitment: an analysis from integrative review of research. Employment Relations Record, 10(1), 40-56.
Saunders, M. N., & Rojon, C. (2011). On the attributes of a critical literature review. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 4(2), 156-162.
Seibert, S.E., Wang, G., Courtright, S.H. (2011), “Antecedents and consequences of psychological and team empowerment in organizations: A meta-analytic review”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 96 No. 5, pp. 981–1003. DOI:http://dx.doi. org/10.1037/a0022676
Selvi, M. S. & Maheswari G. S. (2020). Effects of Employee Empowerment on Organizational Success. Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology, 12(3), 2018-2025.
Smith, L. M., Andrusyszyn, M. A., &Laschinger, H. K. (2010). Effects of workplace incivility and empowerment on newly-graduated nurses’ organizational commitment. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(8), 1004-1015.
Sohail, M., & Ilyas, M. (2018). The impact of Job Satisfaction on aspects of Organizational Commitment (Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment). Journal of Managerial Sciences, 12(3), 221-234.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1992). When organizations dare: the dynamics of psychological empowerment in the workplace. Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Dissertation Abstract International, 53(11) (UMI No: AAT 9308456).
Sürgevil, Olca, Tolay, Ebru Ve Topoyan, Mert (2013). Yapısal Güçlendirme ve Psikolojik Güçlendirme Ölçeklerinin Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Analizleri, Journal of Yasar University, 8 (31), 5371-5391.
Thomas, K. B., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognition elements of empowerment: an "interpretive" model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15, 666-681
Vacharakiat, M. (2008). The relationships between empowerment, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment between Filipino and American registered nurses working in the U.S.A. (Doctoral dissertation). George Mason University, Fairfax, U.S.A.
Wong, C. A., & Laschinger, H. K. (2013). Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: The mediating role of empowerment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(4), 947-959.
Yamane, T (1973). Statistics: An introductory analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row.
Yeshanew, Y. & Kaur, N. (2018). Yeshanew, Y. A., & Kaur, N. Employees' Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Tourism Industry: A Study of Selected Hotels in the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. International Journal of Research in Management, Economics and Commerce, 8(1), 79-88.
Yukl, G.A., Becker, W.S. (2006), “Effective empowerment in organizations”, Organization Management Journal, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 210-231.
Zikmund, W.G., Babin, B. J., Carr, J.C., & Griffin, M. (2010). Business Research Methods (8th Ed). Mason, HO: Cengage Learning.
Published
2022-06-28
How to Cite
Jumah, L., & Korir, J. (2022, June 28). Relationship between Structural Empowerment and Employee Commitment in Selected Star Rated Hotels in Kisumu City, Kenya. African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 7(1), Pg 312-325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v7i1.774
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